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 One out of every two men and one out of every three women will develop cancer during their lifetime (American Cancer Society, 2008). Proto-oncogenes constitute a group of genes that cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated (Weinstein & Joe, 2006). Proto-oncogenes encode proteins that function to stimulate cell division, inhibit cell differentiation or halt cell death. All of these processes are important for normal human development. Oncogenes, the mutated version of proto-oncogenes, typically lead to increased cell division, decreased cell differentiation, and inhibition of cell death; taken together, these phenotypes define cancer cells.
-Three proto-oncogenes were chosen in a time series dataset (Whitfield et al., 2000): C-MYC, C-JUN and C-FOS. These genes have been shown to concomitantly participate in important processes such as tissue regeneration (Morello et al, 1990), stress response (Buhk et al., 1990) and carcinogenesis (Yuen et al, 2001). A more comprehensive knowledge on how these genes interact with each other and with other cellular systems should contribute to the understanding of such processes. As expected from published data, Figure XX shows that the expression of these genes is correlated in time. They seem to be also timely correlated with three groups of genes that play important roles in cancer: FGF1-FRAG1-FGF12B; TP53-P21-GADD45A and IL1B-IL6-IL8.
+Three proto-oncogenes were chosen in a time series dataset (Whitfield et al., 2000): C-MYC, C-JUN and C-FOS. These genes have been shown to concomitantly participate in important processes such as tissue regeneration (Morello et al, 1990), stress response (Buhk et al., 1990) and carcinogenesis (Yuen et al, 2001). A more comprehensive knowledge on how these genes interact with each other and with other cellular systems should contribute to the understanding of such processes. As expected from published data, Figure ({{:hela-network.pdf|}}) shows that the expression of these genes is correlated in time. They seem to be also timely correlated with three groups of genes that play important roles in cancer: FGF1-FRAG1-FGF12B; TP53-P21-GADD45A and IL1B-IL6-IL8.
 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities. Three genes from this family came up in our analysis: fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), which has potent biological activities implicated in cancer development, and FGF12B and FRAG1, which do not have any specific function determined and have been poorly studied so far (Lorenzi et al., 1996). Their insertion in the system presented here should help in the design of experiments aiming to better understand their contribution to this family.
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 Taken together, the results presented here show that the interaction between known pathways and well-studied cellular processes might work at levels not yet explored. Even though interactions are probably not direct, the network  shows how sets of genes which have been independently studied in the context of cancer might collaborate for a given phenotype.
-References:
+**References:**
 American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008.
 Bouleau S., Grimal H., Rincheval V., Godefroy N., Mignotte B., Vayssière J-L., Renaud F. FGF1 inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via an intracrine pathway. Oncogene. 24:7839–7849, 2005.
+Bukh A., Martinez-Valdez H., Freedman S.J., Freedman M.H. Cohen A. The expression of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc genes is regulated by heat shock in human lymphoid cells. The Journal of Immunology. 144:4835-4840, 1990.
 Ji J., Liu R., Tong T., Song Y., Jin S., Wu M., Zhan Q. Gadd45a regulates β-catenin distribution and maintains cell–cell adhesion/contactGadd45a induces β-catenin distribution. Oncogene. 26:6396-6405, 2007
-Morello D., Fitzgerald M.J., Babinet C., Fausto N. c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun regulation in the regenerating livers of normal and H-2K/c-myc transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol. 10:3185-3193 , 1990.
+Krishnamoorthy B., Narayanan K., Miyamoto S., Balakrishnan A. Epithelial cells release proinflammatory cytokines and undergo c-Myc-induced apoptosis on exposure to filarial parasitic sheath protein-Bc12 mediates rescue by activating c-H-Ras. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 36: 532-538, 2000.
-Bukh A., Martinez-Valdez H., Freedman S.J., Freedman M.H. Cohen A. The expression of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc genes is regulated by heat shock in human lymphoid cells. The Journal of Immunology. 144:4835-4840, .
-Yuen M.F., Wu P.C., Lai V.C., Lau J.Y., Lai C.L. Expression of c-Myc, c-Fos, and c-jun in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 91:106-12, 2001.
 Lorenzi M.V., Horii Y., Yamanaka R., Sakaguchi K., Miki T. FRAG1, a gene that potently activates fibroblast growth factor receptor by C-terminal fusion through chromosomal rearrangement. PNAS. 93: 8956-8961, 1996.
-Resnitzky D. and Kimchi A. Deregulated c-myc expression abrogates the interferon- and interleukin 6-mediated G0/G1 cell cycle arrest but not other inhibitory responses in M1 myeloblastic cells. Cell Growth & Differentiation. 2: 33-41.
+Morello D., Fitzgerald M.J., Babinet C., Fausto N. c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun regulation in the regenerating livers of normal and H-2K/c-myc transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol. 10:3185-3193 , 1990.
 Nabata T., Morimoto S., Koh E., Shiraishi T., Ogihara T. Interleukin-6 stimulates c-myc expression and proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Int. 20:445-53, 1990.
-Shchors K., Shchors E., Rostker F., Lawlor E.R., Brown-Swigart L., Evan G.I. The Myc-dependent angiogenic switch in tumors is mediated by interleukin 1β. Genes Dev. 20: 2527–2538, 2006.
+Resnitzky D. and Kimchi A. Deregulated c-myc expression abrogates the interferon- and interleukin 6-mediated G0/G1 cell cycle arrest but not other inhibitory responses in M1 myeloblastic cells. Cell Growth & Differentiation. 2: 33-41.
+Shchors K., Shchors E., Rostker F., Lawlor E.R., Brown-Swigart L., Evan G.I. The Myc-dependent angiogenic switch in tumors is mediated by interleukin 1. Genes Dev. 20: 2527–2538, 2006.
 Weinstein I.B. and Joe A.K. Mechanisms of disease: Oncogene addiction—a rationale for molecular targeting in cancer therapy. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology. 3:448–457, 2006.
-Krishnamoorthy B., Narayanan K., Miyamoto S., Balakrishnan A. Epithelial Cells Release Proinflammatory Cytokines and Undergo c-Myc-Induced Apoptosis on Exposure to Filarial Parasitic Sheath Protein-Bc12 Mediates Rescue by Activating c-H-Ras. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 36: 532-538, 2000.
+Whitfield M.L., Sherlock G., Saldanha A.J., Murray J.I., Ball C.A., Alexander K.E., Matese J.C., Perou C.M., Hurt M.M., Brown P.O., Botstein D. Identification of genes periodically expressed in the human cell cycle and their expression in tumors. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13:1977-2000, 2000.
+Yuen M.F., Wu P.C., Lai V.C., Lau J.Y., Lai C.L. Expression of c-Myc, c-Fos, and c-jun in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 91:106-12, 2001.